Problem Overview
Recently, we encountered a high CPU utilization issue on a SQL Server instance — even though only one small SELECT query was executing.At first glance, it seemed unusual that such a simple query could consume so much CPU. However, on investigating the execution plan, we noticed that the optimizer was performing a conversion from varchar to nvarchar in the predicate.
Root Cause: Implicit Data Type Conversion
In SQL Server, when a query compares two different data types (for example, a column defined as varchar and a variable or literal passed as nvarchar), SQL Server performs an implicit conversion to make them compatible.
Unfortunately, this can:
- Prevent index seeks (forcing a full scan instead)
- Increase CPU usage
- Cause plan cache bloat (multiple plans for same query)
- Lead to unpredictable performance degradation
Example:
-- Table definitionCREATE TABLE Customer (CustomerID INT,CustomerCode VARCHAR(20));-- Query from applicationSELECT * FROM Customer WHERE CustomerCode = N'CUST001'; --Notice the 'N' prefix (nvarchar)Even though an index exists on CustomerCode, SQL Server converts the column duringexecution:CONVERT_IMPLICIT(nvarchar(4000), [CustomerCode], 0)
As a result, the optimizer cannot perform an index seek, leading to a full table scan and
high CPU utilization.
Investigation Steps
- Checked sys.dm_exec_requests and sys.dm_exec_query_stats – saw high CPU for a single query.
- Reviewed the Actual Execution Plan – found CONVERT_IMPLICIT on the predicate.
- Confirmed column type: varchar(20)
- Confirmed query parameter or literal type: nvarchar
Resolution
- Since the customer application could not modify the query, we proposed aligning the data types at the table level.
- ALTER TABLE Customer ALTER COLUMN CustomerCode NVARCHAR(20);
- After modifying the column data type to match the query, the optimizer was able to use the index correctly.
Result:
✔ CPU utilization dropped significantly
✔ Query execution time improved
✔ No functional impact
Best Practices to Avoid Implicit Conversions
- Keep data types consistent between table columns and application parameters.
- Avoid using the Unicode prefix (N'...') unless necessary.
- Use parameter sniffing tests to identify mismatched parameter types.
- In critical systems, standardize column data types across schemas and applications.
Summary
Even a small implicit conversion can lead to large performance issues in SQL Server.By ensuring data type alignment between the database schema and query parameters,you can prevent unnecessary scans and CPU spikes.
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